2003-03-15 23:29:37

錯誤的「殖民史觀」~福爾摩莎文物展 作者/泰雅族 高金素梅

在當前最熱門的「福爾摩莎文物展」入場券上面是這樣寫的:
你可能不知道,牛竟是台灣第一批外勞。
當年荷蘭人為開墾台灣,引進印尼牛,促成農業升級, 使台灣17世紀便具備國際競爭力。
我們要請問主辦單位:
荷蘭政權在17世紀的台灣是不是「外來政權」?
荷蘭政權在17世紀的台灣是不是「殖民政權」?
17世紀的台灣人是不是絕大多數是「原住民族」?
答案就在教科書中…… 在我們的教科書上是這麼說的:17世紀在台灣,荷蘭政權是「外來政權」,是「殖民政權」,而被殖民、被剝削的,就是台灣原住民族。
不只是教科書上這麼寫,即使是執政黨奉為經典的史明先生著作「台灣四百年史」也是這麼寫。

所以,「福爾摩莎文物展」入場券上的這段話,
是在為荷蘭政權在台灣的殖民罪行「脫罪」!
是刻意「美化」外來殖民政權!
是繼續在「踐踏」台灣原住民族!

我們非常遺憾:

「福爾摩莎文物展」開幕第一天,陳水扁總統是入場參觀的第一位觀眾,總統的評語只有一個字「讚!」。
這個「讚!」字,已充分顯示出,阿扁總統贊成荷蘭不是壓迫、剝削原住民族的殖民政權!阿扁總統認為荷蘭是台灣原住民族的恩人!阿扁總統過去種種尊重原住民族的發言根本是謊言!阿扁總統與原住民族簽定夥伴關係的政策承諾是騙選票的政治權術!


我們要告訴台灣社會,在「讚!」這個字後面,原住民族看到什麼?

■荷蘭人到台灣,第一年輸出2萬張鹿皮,第二年輸出15萬張鹿皮。荷蘭人統治台灣38年,原來遍佈全島的台灣梅花鹿減絕了!

■荷蘭人到台灣,在今天的赤崁樓的地方,設了「普羅文西亞」市鎮,建城所需的大片土地,是荷蘭的第一任臺灣長官宋克,以十五疋棉布向當地新港社西拉雅族人騙取的。

17世紀台灣的國際競爭力,是外來殖民政權的國際競爭力,是靠掠奪台灣的自然資源與壓榨台灣原住民族產生的競爭力。回首看歷史,只有「外來殖民政權」才會從殖民的角度去讚嘆殖民時期的文物之美,讚嘆的背後,滿佈著這塊土地與人民的血與淚!

台灣,不是17世紀才誕生!台灣的歷史,絕對不是文字進入後才有歷史!原住民族的傳唱歌謠裏有歷史、各部落的口傳故事裏有歷史、各族的神話傳說中有歷史、部落的生活習俗更是豐富的歷史積累。

行政院長在參觀「福爾摩莎文物展」後認為,要延攬國際級導演,將台灣歷史拍攝成國際級電影。我們要提醒院長:看17世紀歷史,要從這塊土地與原住民族的角度看。否則,這部電影若拍成了,就是21世紀版的「吳鳳神話」~變造歷史!

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被不知不覺地遺忘
~「福爾摩莎文物展」觀後感言

台北市政府原住民事務委員會 主任委員 孔文吉博士(尤稀、達袞)

目前正在故宮博物院盛大展出之「福爾摩莎文物展」,由於國內各大媒體持續且密集的報導,很難不引人注意,所以在上個月我曾特別安排台北市原住民家庭不幸的弱勢婦女約三十多人前往觀賞,原以為這個展可以呈現美麗之島~福爾摩莎在十七世紀時真實的歷史和文物,也可窺見原住民當時的生活面貌及使用的器物,但看完文物展之後,我有一股很深沉的悵然和遺憾。因為十七世紀的原住民幾乎是消失的、不見的 (invisible) 。這個文物展確確實實是有一個小小的原住民展示區,位在一個不甚起眼的角落,陳列的是一個洋人所寫的「東西印度旅行紀」、番社采風圖等。相對於整體展場之文物、圖片、繪畫及仿製的大炮船型等等,原住民小小卑微的文物展示區,很難與西方船堅砲利的大型展覽等量齊觀,這或許如故宮博物院杜正勝院長所說:「十七世紀留傳下來的原住民文物幾近沒有。」其客觀限制,可說是情有可原。

然而令我感到不安的是,這個以「福爾摩莎文物展」為名的特展,原以為是想要強調住在這片美麗之島各個民族包括荷蘭人、漢族移民及原住民在十七世紀時的生活面貌及歷史圖景,以還原當時歷史的真貌, 然而呈現十七世紀的本特展,卻僅是由兩個歷史圖景來銜接切入,一是以荷蘭東印度公司為首的西方殖民主義,即西方剝削掠奪東亞及台灣這片土地的史實,而這個是以較寬廣的世界史框架來論述。但展場中鄭成功大型的畫像,也提醒我們,荷蘭殖民主義者被擊退,自此就開啟了另一個歷史圖景,也就是漢族移民墾拓台灣的歷史,這兩個西方殖民主義史及漢族移民史的歷史圖景,在巧妙地銜接、連貫、展覽、陳列之後,卻看不到原住民的歷史,大家會誤以為原住民在十七世紀時幾乎是不存在的,也就是說這個特展所鋪陳的兩個巨型論述~荷蘭殖民主義史及漢族移民墾拓史,幾乎將原住民的歷史所淹沒。

另外一個令我感到不安的是這個特展仍是以漢族書寫歷史的觀點為主軸,且是從漢族中心主義出發,試圖鞏固漢族來台墾拓歷史之正朔地位。所以荷蘭東印度公司被解釋為西方殖民主義,而漢族來台卻不被解釋為殖民主義者,因為原住民當時從未被看作是一個民族。所以因為荷蘭人敗退,漢族移民來台才有其合法性及正當性。職是之故,管見以為在這個呈現十七世紀的「福爾摩莎文物展」裏,原住民的文物是有被呈現,但卻是孑然獨立地卑微呈現,而且所呈現的文物,讓我們實在看不出有原住民歷史的輪廓,仿佛「福爾摩莎」的台灣並沒有原住民這個民族,原住民歷史就像是一匹在無人的草原上瘋狂奔馳的脫韁野馬,無人敢駕馭。

所以基本上「福爾摩莎」此一葡萄牙語,意味漢人的美麗寶島,而非原住民的美麗寶島,而這美麗的圖像不斷地被建構也被合理化。這個展是呈現十七世紀的台灣歷史,以及台灣在航海時期的經貿角色,甚至於中荷兩個政權在這塊土地上交戰的歷史,但原住民在台灣的歷史主體性總是被忽略、被遺忘,因此在這種原住民歷史闕如的時空環境背景下,漢人政權墾拓「福爾摩莎」的台灣意識終於被建構、被強化、也被鞏固。而且十七世紀漢人移民台灣統治原住民的史實,因文物難以搜集,也就未能呈現。

除了這個特展,我更感詫異地是國內各大媒體,尤其是與故宮合辦此一展覽的中國時報,在展前大幅地報導,成功的吸引許多人潮,萬人像朝聖般前往觀賞,且展覽期間政治人物絡繹於途,「讚賞」「誇獎」「讚」之恭維之聲不絕於耳,如有政治人物參訪,隔天中時報紙上定會圖文并茂地忠實呈現福爾摩莎特展參訪人物的歷史畫面,且讀者現已開始有點厭煩陳其南先生連續三十多篇報導有關本特展的系列長文,為何還未結束?仿佛是一齣連續劇要把我們拉回到十七世紀台灣那些驚天動地的歷史事件,這些文字、圖像、故事及歷史所串連出來的十七世紀之「虛擬實境」,有點讓人不敢消受。

中時既為合辦此特展之單位,這一連串新聞熱度不減地自我歌頌此一展示活動,往自己臉上貼金的作法,令人不屑。這就是媒體積極介入文化活動推銷媒體正面形象最赤裸的演出。這種「福爾摩莎文物展」及傳播媒體相互利用,故宮及中國時報相互奧援、各取所需的效果,配合漢族學者的鼓吹、頌揚,無異是誇大及扭曲了十七世紀歷史的真實圖像。我認為學者從展出的文物圖像為根據所編寫的歷史,並不能反映歷史的事實,尤其是不能真確地反映原住民在福爾摩莎真正的歷史地位。因為歷史雖然不能改變人類的命運,但人類卻可以改變歷史,甚至於創造、編寫及歌頌歷史。而自古以來歷史是由掌握媒體及書寫工具的漢族學者所決定。

我們不禁要問,媒體在此一特展中扮演了什麼角色?研究西方傳播媒體之新馬克斯主義者及研究媒體「再現」(representation )的文化研究學者均認為:媒介本身是意識型態機器,它與現有的權力結構存有辯證性的再現和複製關係,藉以鞏固、維持及制定統治的意識型態,也就是主流民族及階級操控和宰制的文化霸權。而這些批判理論的學者均站在弱勢族群或階級的立場,質疑及批判權力濫用的論述層面及其造成的不公與不義,希望從闡發及解構此一統治的意識型態及窄制性的文化霸權,創造一個公平和正義的合理社會。這也就是「文化去殖民」(cultural decolonization)的一種奮鬥點滴和抗爭場域。

易言之,福爾摩莎文物展呈現的是一個十七世紀西方殖民主義者及漢族移民的歷史縱深,在此一被建構及被展現的龐大歷史框架中,原住民的歷史是空無的,原住民族是被遺忘的,這無異是呈現了一個濃厚的漢人沙文主義為中心的思考邏輯及原住民被邊緣化後的扭曲歷史。所以媒體持續的報導及漢族學者的系列論述,均在不斷地強化及複製此一歷史的傾斜所「再現」及折射的不平等的民族關係與歷史定位,也就是媒體透過此一特展強化、建構和複製漢族中心主義的意識型態。

由於這個特展主要是介紹荷蘭東印度公司在東亞各國的貿易拓展到鄭成功登陸擊敗西方殖民主義者的侵略,此一詮釋歷史的論述是巧妙地強化和複製漢族移民在台灣歷史的正朔地位,因此在「福爾摩莎」這塊土地上,我們看到的是荷蘭殖民主義者及漢族移民與這塊土地的關係,但卻看不到台灣原住民在其中扮演任何角色,十七世紀原住民被侵略、掠奪、剝削和統治的此一史實,因沒有交代和展示,會讓人誤以為「福爾摩莎」這塊寶島與原住民是毫不相干,且福爾摩莎的歷史是從四百多年前葡萄牙人「驚見」和「發現」此一美麗之島開始起算,同時這個特展的主題~「台灣的誕生」,名稱雖很響亮,但動機卻很詭異,也難怪沒有將原住民與這塊土地的歷史主體性考慮進去,所以原住民始終是被遺忘,被排除。這種被遺忘(forgotten)和被排除(excluded)的原住民論述之時時被提醒和被紀念,應該是解構及批判漢族「知識殖民」論述及文化霸權的重要經驗與歷程。

我一直以為三月九日那天上午,我們集結至故宮博物院「觀賞」福爾摩莎文物展,並以「自行導覽」的方式回顧那一段歷史,是以一種沉痛的心情來抗議,我們抗議故宮在展示那段歷史事實時,它呈現的是原住民在十七世紀的歷史空白與原住民在這「福爾摩莎」土地上的消失。最令人感到遺憾及詫異的是這個特展之主協辦單位~故宮及中時,以及參訪的政治人物及漢族學者,他們在缺乏深刻的歷史反思及族群文化的敏感度下,不斷地再建構及再複製原漢之間不平等的歷史與民族關係。這批文物之展示,媒體的報導,政治人物之恭維以及學者之再詮釋,都冷酷無情地將原住民排除在「福爾摩莎」之光輝歷史之外,我們原住民只是不甘願如此被不知不覺地遺忘。


Posted by: D-1492 發表於 March 17, 2003 11:40 PM
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