【蜂報】cyberbees.blog: 美國霸權與台海兩岸困境

美國霸權與台海兩岸困境

◎夏鑄九 / 新民主論壇發言稿（3/30）
今天報告的題目實非我所長，主辦單位如此安排，只能勉強說幾句自己懂的話供各位參考：

一、美國霸權
美伊之戰，美國的軍事力量可謂達到了歷史高峰，但是卻因為缺乏用兵的正當性，已成為美國霸權淪喪的起點。到底誰是流氓？問題還真弔詭。極右派藉恐怖主義發動911事件的機會，俘虜了美國社會，轉移目標，發動戰爭。了解美國社會的都會知道，這情況其實很難持久。對台灣的角色言，有若心甘情願做黑幫小弟，會付出愚蠢的代價。尤其，當北韓一旦捲入與引爆東北亞的國際危機，台灣將赫然發現，遙遠的戰爭其實就發生在自己的家門口。

二、台海兩岸的近代史與台美關係操弄
台海兩岸關係關係著國共內戰，這是冷戰遺留。而歷史遺留，若缺乏智慧將其轉化為歷史之鑑，藉著鏡象關係回首反身自覺，歷史就是沈重難解的鎖鍊。兩岸一同，台灣社會必須學會反思，尋求自我超越之道。而台美關係是冷戰的延續，台灣被稱為是美國的藩屬國(vassal state)，歷史又造成台灣對自己社會的自我殖民還沾沾自喜，真是情何以堪？引用陳光興有創意的說法是：親美（反共）是台灣的主體性的一部份，這是台灣的集體記憶。即，台灣人就是自覺為美國人/日本人（日本這塊相對是有點過時了），但是，反之卻不然。亦即，51俱樂部，俗稱的西瓜派也，可惜，美國還不要呢。於是，歷史悲情造成認同錯亂，使得反戰和平運動竟然在台灣會被簡化為：反戰＝反美＝親中＝賣台，這是主體的分裂。

於是，態度在文化價值上以美為尊，美國是唯一參考點，即使在亞洲，台灣都難得是沒有反美傳統之地。哈美久矣，藍綠雖對決，親美卻一致。這是國家的支配性價值，關係著領導權(hegemony)的建構，不能明言，卻如此重要，不必談，也不能談。於是，只有銘刻在建築身上，有意思，值得分析。如桃園機場設計，做為“國門”，卻不經意地透露了“國家”的文化價值。中正機場一期航廈空間的文化形式就是美國華盛頓杜勒斯機場的簡化翻版。這是十大建設時期的台灣最不堪的象徵，因為，Made in Taiwan，要像的是美、日，就是不能像台灣自己，長期不能按自己的形象創造自己，我們實在已經沒有能力反身看到自己。親美已經是我們的慣行，嵌入我們的體內。更難受的事實莫過於，即使是反對運動，此情亦同，甚至，鎖碼在你我的基因內，好不尷尬。所以，這次的反戰運動，其實是文化價值與認同意義的爭奪。我們只有轉移參考點，使自己凝視的目光更多元化。而和平運動的深層人道價值是使台灣社會可以有能力自我區分於國家機器的機會。進一步，通過反思、反身性能力，看到自身，從而建立主體性之後，我們才有揮灑的空間。譬如說，當3月22日反戰遊行時楊祖珺唱起的反戰之歌，不正是1960年代鮑伯‧狄倫(Bob Dylon)的美國抗議歌曲嗎？但是，狄倫的歌已經通過自覺重新佔用，成為我們的“台灣”之歌了，同時，這又是全球化下的新種國際歌。以及，當1123十二萬農民上街抗議時，伴隨的熟悉音樂是“黃昏的故鄉”，但是這條曾經是台獨“國歌”的日本流行樂，在詹澈修改的閩南語歌詞，與原住民飛魚雲豹歌聲下，已經在有主體意識的消費過程中，重新被佔用為台灣的農民上街抗議的心聲了。

其實更現實一點看，我們無自信、自尊、反被美國看不起。道理極簡單，人必自侮，而後人侮之，此之謂也。當然，在這種文化價值的土壤上，美國操弄的空間就十分大，而台灣也自甘於此。不過，也正因為此，在另一方面，通過網際網路（互聯網，Internet）的流動空間力量造就了社會運動的全球化，這種全球化年代所形成的跨界的認同是種跨界的多重公共力量(trans-border publics)，也會造成台灣的國家壓迫性機器難以承受的壓力。

三、當前全球化下的台海兩岸困境
然而，面對當前經濟全球化的力量，問題就更複雜了。面對全球化的巨變，台灣社會要面對得最大矛盾是：經濟動力與政治動力間之矛盾。台灣之經濟已經歷史地被整合在全球資訊化資本主義之中了，台灣西海岸，具體地說，尤其是台北、新竹科技走廊，是更大的全球流動力量中的節點(node)，這是一條無法回頭的不歸之路，任何切斷它的力量都會傷害到台灣的經濟。由這個角度來看，如無意外，就經濟的力量，台灣與中國大陸勢必將進一步地整合。台灣的結構性歷史角色，似乎竟是將全球資訊化資本主義的生產與管理的系統引入中國大陸的全球網絡中的節點，這也就是說，台灣是全球網絡中的虛擬橋樑。幾乎可以預期，以後幾年，跨界台資將更加深入大陸之市場。當然，這也就是說，台灣的資本將穿透中國大陸。逐漸地，在東京與新加坡之間，所謂的中華經濟圈(the China Circle)，將進一步推動中國的經濟發展。然而，前述台灣的政治卻是與此相背離的動力，難道，台灣要罔顧時勢，執意成為會內爆的橋頭堡嗎？難怪，台灣的國族認同分裂將進一步使台灣社會身陷在一種精神分裂的撕裂狀態中，虛耗了精力，錯失了時機，也流失了兩岸政治關係上討價還價的籌碼。

四、展望：互惠的區域發展
本來，兩岸可以把握彼此經濟間的互助與互補關係，確實有機會獲致雙方互惠的發展。做為創新氛圍與資訊化城市，全球城市(global city)不是一些全球城市，而是一個全球城市，而是跨領域的城市，是刻劃資訊化時代特徵的流動空間的新空間形式。矽谷-新竹台北-珠江三角洲/長江三角洲/京津冀連結，是正在發生的事，坦白說，這是人類歷史上第一次發生的事，難怪如此有吸引力。此外，關於台灣，由於歷史，本有早走一步，提供發展中的後進國家教訓的重大意義。而大陸，由於其規模，又具備交流經驗後後發先至的潛力。面對當前資訊化資本主義的現實要求，交流傳播通訊必須建立傳輸協議，方得以溝通對話。而記取台灣教訓，趨吉避凶，可有助跨越發展過程中埋藏得凶險與陷阱，台灣經驗確實值得交流。而兩岸一同，不分左右派手段，都有必要反思鴉片戰爭後，在殖民與屈辱經驗中追求強國夢的過程與代價。我們正在橫渡全球化的惡水，穿過歷史的迷宮，摸著石頭過河，我們亟需能力營造批判的現代性計劃(the project of critical modernity)，重新建構歷史的視野。

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小布希的世界觀，已經走出Gramsci（義大利政治思想家，1891-1937）定義的「霸權」，而比較接近「帝國」。Gramsci認為霸權包括威嚇、臣服、甚至背書。霸主足以震懾他國的武力備而不用，而以共同利益為訴求，贏得列國的順從與擁戴。另一方面，帝國則隱含單一主權的概念，整個世界都是這個單一主權遂行的地域，在這個地域中，只有一種欽定憲政架構、意識形態、價值觀；違者，帝國就會以其強勢武力「震懾之」。

表面上看起來，小布希並未因全球反戰聲浪而鬆手，美軍也再度展示無可匹敵的軍事力量，巴格達的淪陷，也許僅是時間的問題。然而，從辯證的角度出發，一場戰役的勝利，可能同時是敗亡的開始；看似「狗吠火車」的全球反戰呼聲，也可能是一個新論述、意義、與價值形成體系（discursive formation）出現的先聲。

美國對伊拉克用兵，已經暴露帝國內部的矛盾衝突，也引發跨國的抵抗。歷史的進展，從未終結；歷史的去向，恆為開放。帝國的衰亡與否，與速度快慢，要視全球社會力量是否能有效整合與動員。在這個過程中，知識分子扮演關鍵的觸媒角色。

Posted by: 高景仲發表於 April 3, 2003 01:16 PM

【蜂報】cyberbees.blog

2003-04-02 07:57:26

美國霸權與台海兩岸困境