2003-05-21 13:40:05

菲律賓SM百貨公司工人罷工現場直擊!

■作者/李亮
【編按:某大學研究生李亮自願隻身遠赴菲律賓,以考察研究該國社會發展狀況,出國前,在<蜂報>邀請下,特開闢<菲律賓現場目擊>新版以持續報導其在菲律賓之親歷見聞,以饗<蜂報>讀者。台灣社會與主流媒體向來對菲律賓既鄙視又陌生,總視為貧窮落後的國家,刻板印象集中於“菲傭”,其實,菲律賓存在著許許多多人民民主奮鬥的歷史文化,非常值得台灣人民學習與省思。此篇完稿日是2003/5/17。】
現場直擊!

1.jpg
【圖一:SM百貨公司大門前的抗議現場】
菲律賓,台灣南方的鄰居,平時,當夜幕低垂,首都大馬尼拉的奎松市中心,總是湧入車水馬龍般的下班購物人潮。今天,不尋常的是,菲律賓最大規模的SM百貨公司大門前,群聚了數百個工人和大學生,拉起了抗爭線,向SM百貨公司的資方抗議,高喊著拒買SM商品的口號。

資方派出大量警衛應戰,在公司大門掛上「照常營業」(business as usual)的橫幅,搬來超大功率的喇叭音響,以震耳欲聾的音量播放一首又一首的熱門舞曲,企圖壓蓋工人們強烈憤怒的吶喊,這幅景象,是筆者在台灣出生至今所未曾見過的撼人畫面!

有一些購物消費者繞過抗爭線,照舊走進SM百貨公司的大門,有一些人則駐足觀看,聆聽工人們的訴求,另有些人因而掉頭到他處購物,而最引起筆者的注意的是,還有些人站到了工人的抗議隊伍中,為工人們加油,並在募款箱裡投下一些零錢。

警衛施暴!
事實上,這些抗議的工人們是SM的員工,他們(或她)們已持續抗爭了兩個月了!在奎松市中心的SM百貨三個門口拉起抗爭線,不分日夜,輪班守衛,持續施壓!
今天,只是另一次圍堵百貨公司大門的行動,從下午五點開始,SM罷工員工與聲援團體一起繞著百貨公司遊行兩圈,約六點開始,在大門前路邊搭起抗爭線/罷工線(Picket Line)。
稍早,當工人們要架設抗爭線時,雖然,架設處是在公共的馬路上,而非在公司私有的土地上,資方警衛仍壓霸地要制止工人們的舉措,甚至,以暴力對待,大打出手!經過一陣拉扯,工人們終於在馬路上打下釘子,架起了抗爭線,幸好無人受傷!但是,前天卻有一名罷工工人不小心落單,竟遭到警衛強拉進百貨公司內施暴圍毆,以致胸部受了重傷!
2.jpg
【圖二:警衛企圖施暴制止工人架設抗爭線/罷工線】

為何抗議?
然而,罷工的工人們究竟要訴求什麼?為何抗議呢?工人法朗西斯說:
「我們要的只是40比索的加薪而已。可是,資方說什麼都不答應,說這會損害公司利潤。不過我們知道,公司每年都賺大錢,分店開了一家又一家,老闆Henry Sy(華人)還是全世界榜上有名的富豪,卻40比索都不給我們。20年來,資方從不主動加薪,除非政府立法規定,或者我們抗爭!」
SM百貨公司員工的工資是按年資計算的,但這只限於正式員工,並不包括短期契約工,基本起薪是240比索。根據<台灣銀行>匯率,每一元比索兌換新台幣0.7051元,所以,240比索約等於148元新台幣,40比索約等於28元新台幣。

3.jpg
【圖三:海報上的B是billion,即十億,單位是菲律賓比索,NET Income是淨營收】
SM是菲律賓最大規模的百貨公司,其分店之多,廣佈菲律賓及東南亞各國,是屬於跨國財團,老闆Henry Sy是世界第348名的富豪。SM資方千方百計地,用盡威脅利誘的種種手段以打壓阻撓員工們組成工會,並且還賄賂法院與政府相關部門!
更離譜的是,SM的警衛公然在抗爭現場對抗議工人施暴!工人隆尼的全身都綁上了繃帶,滲出血跡,筆者還以為他是因遭警衛施暴而受傷,一問之下才知道,這是行動劇裝扮,用意在於突顯資方不僅鎮壓工人,還對工人施暴!隆尼表示:
「我們有人前天才在罷工線上被資方警衛打傷,他被警衛拖進去百貨公司毆打,胸部受傷很嚴重,還在醫院!」

4.jpg
【圖四:工人們以行動劇控訴資方的剝削】
然而,平時的狀況也好不到哪去。在SM公司共有員工約18000人,但其中只有1000人是固定的正式員工,餘者全是臨時工或短期契約工,薪水既低又無任何保障。更可惡的是,資方更動輒以僱用短期契約工以脅迫正式員工要無償加班,並順從經理極其不合理的管理命令。隆尼指出:
「平常他們逼我們超時工作,規定8小時,卻要幹12小時的活,不幹就把你開除,改用臨時工。反正,資方一直要把工作彈性化,搞短期契約!」
因此,除了訴求加薪40比索之外,工人們更要求合理的工作待遇與組織工會的權利。

5.jpg
【圖五:工人們在SM公司外繞圈遊行】

我們一定要團結!
雖然,工人們爭取的僅僅是加薪40比索這般微不足道而合法的權益,但是,他(或她)們的抗爭持續了兩個月卻未獲成果,連身為外人的筆者都能想像其壓力是何其沈重!法朗西斯說:
「是啊!這裡每個工人的經濟方面都有問題,只能靠借錢度日。因為,罷工基金只能支應我們每天來到罷工線的交通費與飲食所需,並無多餘可供家用。」

法朗西斯繼續敘說他的困厄與信念:
「像我是家裡唯一的經濟來源,有老婆和兩個小孩要養。一開始要抗爭時,太太也問我抗爭有什麼用?何時才會結束?我對她說,這將會是長期的鬥爭,因為,政府跟資方已經聯手鎮壓工人了,我們工人受到不合理的待遇,只能靠自己團結,這是為了全體工人的權利!」
隆尼接腔:
「對啊!政府都只幫資本家(蜂報註:即企業財團資方)說話,還說我們罷工破壞經濟發展。可是我們要的只是40比索啊,根本不會損害公司的利潤!政府還說,我們罷工會破壞經濟發展,可是經濟發展根本就是政府的責任,他們這樣說是在欺騙工人!像現在的總統Arroyo說,要創造一百萬個就業機會,結果卻大搞勞動彈性化、短期契約工!」

6.jpg
【圖六:資方派出的蒐證人員,資方已可代表政府的情治單位?】

其他團體的聲援支持!
在抗爭現場,主導抗爭行動的SM工人的不過百人,其他數百人則來自各式各樣、五花八門的聲援團體。這包括為首的是KMU(為五一工人聯盟)及其所屬工會、盧斯坦區(即奎松市商業中心區)民主工人工會、婦女組織GABRIELA,街頭小販零工協會(Alerto Mamimili)、反對短期契約勞動連線、吉普尼(菲律賓常見的私家小公車)司機協會,以及附近各校學生等等。
筆者詢問隆尼對這些聲援團體的看法,他說:
「他們來支持我們,因為一個工人受害,就是對全體工人的侵犯,全體工人都要聲援。這是工會一向的政策!」

這些聲援團體在這兩個月期間,一直派人聲援罷工,引導SM工人們開會討論,出人力協助各項事務,在抗爭現場更是輪番發表長時間演說,將近三個多小時,聲援團體都強調,SM工人遭受的壓迫是結構性的,如吉普尼司機協會的主席說:
「我們今天來這裡聲援你們,要知道,你們不是唯一受到壓迫的,我們吉普尼司機也同樣受到壓迫。所有的工人都一樣,我們才是經濟真正的推動者。抗爭必然是長期的,因為即使贏了眼前的抗爭,未來資方仍會對工人發起新一輪的攻擊,這是因為壓迫是結構性的,這個社會結構不改變,壓迫就不會真正消失。而要改變這個結構,我們就必須從歷史中學習,從歷史中我們可以學習到,菲律賓社會是個半封建半殖民的社會,壓迫者是帝國主義、封建地主與官僚資產階級。要真正改變社會結構,就要團結起來,打倒這些壓迫者!」

抗爭要堅持下去!

入夜之後,天空飄下小雨....
工人們在抗爭線/罷工線上點起了蠟燭,一方面,表示守夜之意,另一方面,黑色的蠟燭是象徵哀悼工人的權利被資方抹殺與殘害。九點之後,一些聲援團體陸續離開,只留下約五十人守衛罷工線。
7.jpg
【圖七:工人們點起黑蠟燭守夜】
筆者向法朗西斯提出一個最根本也最現實的問題,罷工抗爭要到何時呢?他回答,這要工會進一步開會討論,或者,資方提早讓步,現在他也不能確定。但是,他卻留下一句令人動容的堅定信念:
「這是工人的生活,因為我們被壓迫、被剝削,我們就要抗爭下去!」

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