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略論台灣農業何處去

轉載自：＜青芽兒＞雜誌創刊號
■作者：趙萬來

當下論台灣農業﹐也就是在公元2003年五月的時候﹐亦即再過一年七個月就要屆滿加入＜世界貿易組織＞（WTO）的緩衝期﹐從而全面兌現開放農產品的承擔。此際﹐不談台彎農業則罷﹐否則應該帶有十二萬分的緊迫感。

換言之﹐救亡圖存是第一要務。應該在各國農產品行將大量入台的前夕，審思我們農業利基何在？明辨到底有哪些項目可以免於被淹沒的命運？

遺憾的是﹐＜農委會＞不此之圖﹐卻把最大的心力貫注在進口救濟措施：或休耕補助啦！或平地置林啦！或休閒農業啦！硬是不尋正途，找活路。官府打從心底裡，認定台灣農業難以與人競爭，不過是預先治喪。所有的對策，都是送葬農業的殯儀，力求哀榮一些罷了。果真要造林，豈有不在山地而在平地之理！而千家萬戶都搞觀光、休閒，農業形同插花，必亡，不在話下。並且農民還要二次破產，等著旅遊資本（觀光業財團）來收屍。

至於代表農民的農會系統，也臨終不懺不悔。所念念不忘的，只是「信用部」長有不廢，與之同壽。說明他們死抓錢，不抓農業，所謂農業金融，根本是笑話一句。事到如今，舉國上下都不知道要種啥好？養啥好？金融云云，實乃搶鈔票的修辭。原本要整頓農業的民進黨政府，竟然懾於農會挾恃農民的火牛陣，反而在農亡前夕打造金棺贈予農村眾惡霸。

另有拒絕共犯結構的少數有心人，也感到危機重重。大力推動有機農業，其績效具見於健康食品店的日益興旺，以為這可迴避進口貨的侵襲，兼可保育農業資源於永續利用。實際上，他們既知台灣的生態基盤以告傾圮，怎好宣稱幾分、幾甲地就可以扭轉乾坤呢？在沒有形成阡陌連片的大面積耕作之前，有機化是不可能的，充其量只是生產「相對意義」的安全食品而已。即使如此，其成本也是倍蓰於人，當然不可能普及到普羅大眾。倘若再考慮海外有機農業的質與量，更加會體認到：發展有機農業不是台灣農業的正解。

為今之計，談農業就是要回歸產業面，努力尋找可以立足於世界市場的品項。一則是講究特殊性，且有更新換代的技術力量，非其他地區所能輕易仿效的。再則是規模大，必須具有行銷全球的生產規模，也就是大農業的概念。

唯有滿足這兩項要求，台灣才可能有農業存活下來，更明白地說，也只有農產走得出去，方才可能保住島上的農業。抑有甚者，只有形成世界市場的農業，才需要農業金融、有機耕作以及農民組織來推波助瀾。否則，農業不存，都是無從附麗的虛招。

準此以觀，台灣農業是可以樂觀的，因為我們大可放棄小而全、自給自足式的農業佈局，只求逐鹿國際的幾項「拳頭」產品。在這方面，台灣的品種與技術有著絕佳的優勢。舉例而言：亞熱帶水果的芒果、楊桃、芭樂、蓮霧等堪稱獨步全球，並且具備後續育種的能力。欠缺的是保鮮與包裝的技術，以致迄未走出國門。

在養殖魚類上，我們創下甚多傲人的記錄。倘顧慮大規模生產會破壞環境，那麼培育種苗也是一片天地。至於觀賞用花草及藥用、保健植物，憑藉著垂直分布的氣候帶所賜予的豐富物種，也是大有揮灑的空間。在在值得我們慎選少數精品優先攻堅，作為農業轉型的張本。

正因為講求少樣多量，為達成量產規模，小農的現況是不可能繼續下去的。倘要免於被農企業吸納而淪為農業工人的命運，僅剩的一條道路就是合作社化，把小私有化為集體制。只有符合規模經濟﹐才是我們唯一的選擇。

但是萬萬不能忘記的是：要把產業規模優先做出來，以足夠的物質誘因來帶動小農的志願合作，次序絕不能相反。這在白暟暟如雪一般的台灣，尤其不能躐等以求。

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【蜂報】cyberbees.blog

2003-09-27 20:25:15

略論台灣農業何處去