【蜂報】cyberbees.blog: 上班族與未來上班族：你不可不看！（二）

上班族與未來上班族：你不可不看！（二）

轉載自：＜CHEERS雜誌＞2003年9月號
■編譯：吳凱琳
■編按：裁員、減薪、引進外勞、工時超長不給加班費、抗爭、罷工．．．等等，我們總是以為那是屬於藍領階級的事，但是，就在美國，坐在窗明几淨、空調舒暢辦公室裡的白領階級，正急速向下沈淪地向藍領階級看齊，甚至，有過之而無不及！台灣緊緊跟隨美國脈動而走，因此，自命為上班族與未來的上班族，這篇報導你不可不看！

面對過勞：國外篇 1
白領階級血汗工廠

■白領工作過量原因1：員工只是獲利工具，可隨時替換■
工作過勞的重要原因之一，在於對工作缺乏安全感，如今企業與員工之間長期而穩定的雇用關係，已經正式瓦解。對於企業而言，工作者只是獲利的一種工具而已，可以隨時替換與移除，一切以企業獲利為最高指導原則。企業沒有必要為員工的工作保障負責。

英特爾前總裁安迪‧葛洛夫（Andy Grove）在《10倍速時代》（Only the Paranoid Survive）書中強調，「沒有人應該為你的事業負責，這是你個人的事。你是個人事業生涯的單一所有權人．．．你有責任保護自己的個人生涯不受到傷害。」

■白領工作過量原因2：裁員是股價高升的最有效方法■
企業執迷於股票數字的經營文化，依靠著股價指數來管理企業。華爾街分析師更是這場數字遊戲的幫兇，裁員消息一旦公布，立即回以熱烈的支持。知名企業重整專家艾佛德‧鄧拉普（Alfred J. Dunlap）成了現今企業執行長的典範。1990年代中期，他擔任史谷脫紙業（Scott Paper）總裁，以迅雷不及掩耳的方式裁員1萬1千人，公司股價立即飆升了225％。

人力裁減一大半，但是該做的工作還是要做，留下來的人只好一直不停的加班。不敢要求加薪、不敢抱怨工作量太大，以免自己就是下一個被裁員的目標。企業也不在乎員工是否能接受這樣惡劣的工作環境，工作職場，成了「達爾文天擇理論」所描述的叢林戰場，無法適應的人自然必須被淘汰。

■白領工作過量原因3：企業購併規模擴大，失業率攀升■
以金融業為例，由於產業的快速變化，購併風潮始終不斷。1980年代，美國銀行掌控90％的家庭資產，1997年時則下降為55％。其中共同基金產業瓜分掉最多的客源，在家庭資產管理的市場佔有率由原先10％上升到45％。在商業信貸市場方面，1980年代銀行的市場佔有率為50％；1997年，則下降至35％。

銀行要生存，就是併購，然後大幅裁員。富國銀行（Wells Fargo & Company）與西北銀行（Norwest Corporation）合併時，裁撤了4600名員工，相當於原有人力的5％。1998年，花旗銀行（Citicorp）與旅行家（Travelers）合併時，也裁撤了16萬名員工。

另一個顯著的例子是出版業。作者版權費的飛漲、通路成本增加、網路效應等，使得出版業界也刮起一陣購併風潮，進而引發大波的裁員，員工的工作量遽增。「我們的出書量較過去多了50％，但是人力卻少了50％，」吉兒‧佛雷瑟在書中提到。「你必須在品質、努力、與時間之間做出妥協。」

根據《紐約時報》（New York Times）1998年的報導，1991至1996年的期間，美國出版界的出書量增加了42％，但是，全國編輯的人數卻下降了11％。「不僅編輯時間遭到壓縮，人力更是吃緊，甚至得充當櫃檯服務員。上班時忙著接電話與回覆電子郵件，只有在假日的時候才能靜下心來看稿。」
（明日待續）

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【蜂報】cyberbees.blog

2003-09-27 20:27:13

上班族與未來上班族：你不可不看！（二）