【蜂報】cyberbees.blog: 歐美鉅額補助農業台灣農人怎麼辦？

歐美鉅額補助農業台灣農人怎麼辦？

轉載自：聯合新聞網2003/09/25 民意論壇
■作者：李家同／暨南國際大學教授（新竹市）

我一直知道我們國家的農人沒有能力和歐美國家的農人競爭，我以為其中的原因是我們的農人所耕種的土地面積比較小，而且所採用的技術不夠高級，所以我們的農產品無法和歐美的農產品競爭。

可是我最近觀念改了，我認為我們之所以無法和歐美農人競爭，還有一個非常重要的因素，那就是歐美政府對他們農人的鉅額補助。每一年，美國政府給美國農人的補助是一千七百億美元，歐盟給西歐各國農人的補助是一千三百億美元。在這種補助之下，這些地區的農民可以高枕無憂地大量生產，而且也常常會大量地外銷到國外。由於補助，他們一定可以將價格壓得很低，使其他國家的農人無法和他們競爭。

鉅額補助形同關稅，令我困惑的是這些先進國家口口聲聲提倡自由貿易，也常常對不實行自由貿易的國家實施各式各樣的制裁，為什麼他們自己可以實施這種完全不合理的農產品補助？
以美國例，美國人口是我們的十倍，對農人的補助是一千七百億美元，照美國標準，我們對農人的補助應該是一百七十億美元，合台幣幾乎六千億台幣。我們那裡有這種能力？

我們如果看「山居歲月」那本書，一定會羨慕法國農民的舒適生活，他們也不過是種葡萄的農民而已，但是他們的收入比我們種葡萄的農人收入要高得多了。我過去一直不太能瞭解，現在終於想通了。有歐洲聯盟如此優厚的補助，他們還有什麼要擔憂的？

美國平均每一位棉花農人的身價是八十萬美元，但是美國仍然每年以二十億美元補助棉花農人。

這種巨額補助一直是落後國家心中之痛，非洲國家的農產品，在任何情況之下，都不可能和歐美國家的農產品競爭，他們不僅不可能將農產品銷到歐美去，他們甚至無法抵擋歐美國家農產品的輸入。

上週在墨西哥召開的WTO部長會議，農產品補助問題當然是議題之一，結果是毫無交集，歐美的政府領袖們基於選票上的考量，不可能在這個問題上作任何讓步，窮國也沒有任何能力可以使富國作什麼讓步。

我們政府對於這個問題默不作聲，不發一言，沒有告知我國人民這種巨額補助的存在。在上一週，國外媒體幾乎每天都在討論這件事，我們的媒體幾乎完全不理會這件事，好像三千億美元的補助不是什麼了不起的事。

相形之下，南韓完全不同。很多韓國農民到墨西哥去抗議，有一位韓國農人甚至在場外以自殺來表示對歐美這種不公正措施的不滿。南韓人民顯然地比我國人民國際化。我們一再強調英文的重要性，我們學英文，大概只是想到麥當勞去點漢堡吃，至於紐約時報、經濟學人、泰晤士報等等，都是與我們無關的。

我們政府實在不應該再不重視這件事了。如果這種違反自由貿易的巨額補助繼續下去，我們的農人怎麼辦？不論他們如何努力，他們都無法和歐美農人競爭的。政府官員都是飽學之士，連我都知道這三千億美元補助的存在，他們當然早就知道了。可是為什麼不談談因應之道呢？為什麼不譴責這種不合公義的措施呢？難道這件事不嚴重嗎？

我們的政府當然也不可能使世界上不公平的情形立即消失，但我們的政府至少有告知大眾的義務，畢竟我們的農民是不可能知道這些事情的，如果政府不談這些事，我們的農民該怎麼辦呢？

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對歐美進口農產品課徵反傾銷稅

但是執行手段如果稍微粗糙點
就會引發貿易大戰
而歐美是全球最大市場
貿易戰若發生窮國（包括台灣與南韓也是相同情況）
所遭受的損失必定遠大於歐美國家
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要在此議題上與歐美等富國抗爭勢必要聯合諸多窮國（與歐美各國比較之下）
用以拉近談判兩方籌碼上的差距
窮國這方面最主要的成員當然首推中國
很不幸的台灣也是身處窮國聯盟的一員
令人擔憂的是
在如今的政治氣氛下
『去中國化』的言論甚囂塵上
勢必影響台灣對大陸的政策走向
但純就經濟上的角度著眼
台灣與大陸的依存度頗高
更糟糕的是
兩合對台灣的助益大於大陸
兩分對今天的中國來說損失不是大到無法彌補
（如今台商已非中國最大的外資，況且已去大陸的只怕不會再回來）

十九世紀時歐美以武力執行帝國主義
二十世紀同樣的帝國主義精神出現在全球貿易上
舉著『自由貿易』的大旗對國民所得較低的國家
（其中大半國家是原本受帝國主義侵略的地區，甚至可以說是用另一種形式繼續剝奪前殖民地）

想深一層我們有必要接受歐美所謂的自由貿易嗎？
說穿了目前的貿易型態是以窮國中部分國家（如台灣、南韓與今天的大陸）利用工業製品去交換富國（美國、加拿大、歐盟各國）的農業產品
為什麼已開發工業國家會捨工業而就農業
不過就是因為工業的發展會帶來高度的污染
（以綠色GNP來計算，農業的產值會高於工業）

長期以來，台灣的政策走向一直是扶植工業來取代農業
雖然成功的提升所得，但也難以否認全島也付出慘痛代價
（主要河川已經沒有一條是清澈的）
這兩年的工業大幅出走未必不是各調整發展方向的契機
以目前最受政策照顧的晶圓產業來說
一座晶圓廠會消耗多少水與電產生多少有毒廢棄物
曾幾何時有媒體報導過
不知道哪家八卦雜這的記者有勇氣去追問張忠謀
台積電所產生的有毒廢氣物最後到哪去了？
以大量的社會與天然資源來投入這些高競爭的產業
（可悲的是競爭者來自於其它的窮國）
對於今天的台灣並不是很適當的策略
我個人很贊同張忠謀說過的一句話：『10年來台灣的國民所得一直停留在一萬多美金，是因為整個社會制度限制住了』
而我個人想補充的是
這個犧牲一切來貼補工業的制度就是造成國民所得無法繼續增長的主因（一個很明顯的證據在於，電子業吸收了大批菁英學子，卻付給這些人及微薄的薪水）

當然產業的發展跟教育一樣是百年大計，並非一朝一夕能改變
（諷刺的是現在教育已經被改的一團糟）
只是想說出一個不同於大部分媒體所四處播放的想法
犧牲農業來換取工業對於今天的台灣並不適當
如果製造業想離開台灣，就讓他們離開吧
我們應該要把資源花費在新的產業上
以填補因製造業出走所造成的空缺
而不是拿來貼補這些製造業
這種作法只會同時拖累雙方

捨棄這種犧牲農業扶植工業的想法也才能找到
對付富國以低價農產品傾銷的反制方法

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2003-09-29 16:36:59

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