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2003-12-17 20:27:32少數執政的奇蹟轉載：【天下雜誌／284期／「荷蘭經驗、台灣借鏡」系列報導】 地理上，荷蘭人比台灣大不了多少﹔ 在荷蘭，一百年來，向來是各黨不過半，沒有多數黨如何還能維持穩定的政治環境？政黨競爭和國家利益如何維持平衡？ 數十年一直贏得最多選票的大黨首度失足。新的最大黨取得三成席次，組聯合政府，將舊日最大黨排除在外。昔日執政黨變成最大在野黨。這不是描述今日的台灣，而是一九九四年荷蘭國會選舉的結果。若把幾個關鍵字換成台灣的國民黨、民進黨，同樣可以說明去年十二月的選情。
看起來，荷蘭的政黨政治似乎和台灣有幾分相似，但這些只是表象。荷蘭政黨政治和台灣最不像的，其實是深度和成熟度。 左右共治的紫色聯盟 荷蘭的民主政治累積四百年的歷史。而過去一百年，因為從沒有一黨獲得絕對多數的選票，因此組聯合政府，也有超過百年的經驗。 目前荷蘭的國會是「左右共治」。最大黨是中間偏左的工黨（PvdA），在一五Ｏ席的國會中，擁有四十五個席位。協同三十八席中間偏右的自由黨（VVD），及十四席政治立場較不鮮明，但是略偏工黨的D66共組執政的「紫色聯盟」。 社會主義傾向的工黨，和資本主義傾向的自由黨，在政治光譜上一個在左、另一個在右。「左右共治」的可能，建立在荷蘭人的實際性格。 一九九四年選舉結束，七十多年來一直位居最大黨的基督民主黨（CDA）慘敗，工黨成為最大黨，但是得票率也下降。基督民主黨過去雖然一直是最大黨，但是得票率也不曾超過三五％。 當時，基督民主黨和工黨加起來的席位，無法超過半數。這時，關鍵的小黨D66扮演折衝角色。D66主張，工黨和第二大黨自由黨組成聯合政府。 最初，所有人談都不願意談，認為根本不可能。但是，一九九四年選舉後掌握二十三席的D66堅持，工黨和自由黨若不談判，D66就拒絕所有的政黨會商。 最後，工黨為了爭取D66的支持，同意和自由黨組成“紫色聯盟”，並一直執政至今。 這兩個政黨在政策大方向上同意：刪減社會福利預算、降低財政赤字、改善失業問題，以迎向全球化的競爭。 荷蘭的政黨組成聯合政府之前，都要經過冗長的協商。一九九四年五月選舉結束後，一直到秋天，新的內閣才成型，當地的報紙形容那年的夏天，「簡直是無人政府」。 「開票只是開始，重頭戲是開票以後，」荷蘭貿易駐台代表史仕培說。 投票結果出來後，政黨領袖展開一連串的協商，各個政黨洽談不同議題的合作可能。「在台灣，選完第二天就聽到政黨主席對媒體表態，拒絕其他政黨的合作提議，」一位在台灣居住多年的荷蘭人不可思議的轉述。 沒有多數執政的聯合政府，過去一百年穩定運作，替荷蘭的經濟發展奠定肥沃的土壤。 相較台灣吵吵嚷嚷的立法院，荷蘭的政黨冷靜許多。荷蘭的選舉制度是比例代表制，選黨不選人，拿掉「人」的利益糾葛，不管是選民和選民、候選人和選民、候選人和候選人之間的恩恩怨怨都變得清爽起來。 荷蘭政黨代表的立場都十分清楚，幾乎所有的荷蘭人都可以清楚的劃一條橫線，然後，從極左到極右告訴你，各個政黨的所在位置。再加上四百多年的民主歷練，選民也變得十分成熟，根據政黨的理念決定投票的依據。 每一個政黨在選前會提出議員的排序名單，然後，根據得票率按順序依次遞補候選人的席次。 因為政黨的定位很清楚，一旦形成，也不會輕易改變。 ＩＮＧ安泰大中華區的幕僚長福祿特（Robert Vlutters）在台灣工作兩年，每次一到選舉期間，看到滿目旗海飄揚都是候選人的照片和號碼，政黨的理念和形象反而不被凸顯。「在荷蘭，政黨就像『宗教』，是一種理念的選擇，」福祿特說，一般人很難接受只注重「個人行銷」的候選人。 政黨的理念可以經得起時間的考驗，政府政策，也不會因為「換人做做看」而搖擺不定。「即使換黨執政，基本理念是不會改變的，」工黨的外交委員會主席康德斯輕鬆篤定地說。 「八卦」是民主之恥 選黨不選人，讓政治人物和選民都保持一點冷靜的空間。 福祿特表示，在荷蘭，假如有議員藉著揭發隱私八卦來打擊對手，保證所有的國會議員會一起站出來同聲譴責，「這是民主歷史上可恥的一天。」 選黨不選人，也讓政黨認同強化成為「理念」認同。 在台灣，政治人物有「藍中帶綠」、「藍中帶橘」．．．，常常重大議案表決時，黨鞭會擔心「跑票」的問題，荷蘭的政黨領袖則不用擔心。 過去五十年的時間裡，僅有一次，基督民主黨的議員在表決時陣前倒戈，這對基督民主黨的形象嚴重戕害。「假如不認同這個政黨，就默默離開，」艾文在旁觀察。 一般荷蘭政治人物是有可能離開舊的政黨，轉戰其他的政黨，或是另組新黨。但是，一般人很難接受一個政黨領袖到對手的政黨擔任重要位置，「那樣大家會覺得，他只是要權力而已，」史仕培表示。 選黨不選人的另外一個好處，就是讓政黨的政見和特色，變成吸引選票的重要條件。美國商務部對荷蘭政黨的觀察報告特別提出，「國會議員的代表性是全國的，不是地方的，」因此，荷蘭制定政策時也以全國的最大利益考量。 荷蘭，穩定的政治環境卻是由少數執政的聯合政府創造。 荷蘭走了四百年，台灣卻沒有時間。不管是跌跌撞撞還是連跑帶跳，台灣都必須在最短的時間內，追趕四百年的差距。 由 bee 發表於 December 17, 2003 08:27 PM | 引用迴響
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